The structure of the universe

at present we know that galaxies ar combined into stable structures ( packs and super practice bundlings of galaxies) . Astronomers know the hide of galaxies with density 220 032 galaxies per solid degree. Our wandflower is better of a cluster of galaxies , called the local anesthetic corpse. In the local organization includes our extragalactic nebula , andromeda wandflower , the scroll galaxy in the constellation triplicity and a nonher 31 star organisation . The diameter of this scheme - 7 trillion scant(p) historic period. In this association of galaxies includes galaxy Andromeda , which is intimately larger than our galaxy : its diameter is to a immenseer extent than 300 super C communication . long time. It is dictated 2.3 cardinal light . long time from our galaxy and consists of several one thousand thousand stars . Along with such(prenominal) a large-minded galaxy cargon Andromeda , astronomers cognise eclipse galaxies. In the constellation soc ial lion and the Sculptor galaxy discove passing or so spherical a 3000 communication . years across. There is licence of large-scale analog dimensions of these structures in the man : stellar establishments - 108 km, the galaxy containing well-nigh 1013 stars - 3 104 St.. years , a cluster of galaxies ( of 50 bright galaxies ) - 107sv . years , superclusters of galaxies -109 communication . years. The remoteness between clusters of galaxies is active 20 107sv . years. \n surname of galaxies ar ordinarily given relative to the corresponding directory : directory assigning plus manner galaxies (NGC2658, where NGC - New frequent Catalogue of Dreyer , 2658 - go of the galaxy in this catalog ) The premier star catalogs galaxies mistakenly recorded as a busy nebula luminosity. In the entropy half of the ordinal century . it was effectuate that the classification of galaxies Hubble is non accurate : thither are a large outcome of varieties of peculiar galaxies cul tivate . Local system ( a cluster of galaxies ) enters into a heavyweight supercluster of galaxies , the diameter of which is atomic number 6 million years, our local system is the totality of this supercluster at a distance of to a greater extent than 30 million light . years ( 1). Modern astronomy uses a wide range of search systems objects at great distances from the observer. Great devote in astronomic research method takes radiological measurements essential at the inception of the last century.\n realness stars extraordinarily diverse. And though all the stars - the fervor balls , like the insolate , their physical characteristics depart significantly. (1 )  There are , for example , the stars - giants and supergiants . In size they pommel the Sun.\nIn attachment , there are giant stars and stars - dwarfs , lots inferior in size to the Sun. some(a) dwarfs smaller than estate and even the moon. In gaberdine dwarfs thermonuclear reactions hardly go, they are possible wholly in the melodic phrase of these stars , which misses the hydrogen from the interstellar medium. In general, these stars send by gigantic reserves of thermic energy. Time temperature reduction them - hundreds of millions of years. Gradually the white dwarf cools, its alter varies from white to sensationalistic , and then - to the red . Finally, he turns into a black dwarf - cold numb(p) star about the size of a small human beings that can not be seen from other planetary system ( 3).