Television and the Forever Changing World :: Essays Papers

Television and the Forever Changing creative activity To suggest that children growing up in the 1990s live in a different valet than the one their parents or grandparents experienced is not only to state the obvious, but to understate the obvious. -Children & Television Images in Changing a Sociocultural World - ecstasy Keiko Asamen and Gordon L. Berry, Eds. From Barney the Purple Dinosaur and Sesame Street to Friends and Buffy the Vampire Slayer, television set covers a variety of materials. The television, as a means of education, has changed drastically since its 1939 North American debut. The way children learn, twain academically and socially, withstand been affected by this change. Television is at the center of a mul whiledia society. Effects of television on children include, among many other aspects of life, time control and leisure activity displacement, parental involvement in education, and attention, comprehension, and retention skills. A BRIEF HISTORY OF TEL EVISION At the time of its debut, the television was evaluate to impact the lives of children. TV broadcasting came to the United States in July of 1941, when the Federal Communications Commission licensed the first commercial stations. Broadcasting was then limited during World War 2, and once again went full-scale in 1946. Despite the slow start to television broadcasting, this medium was quickly adopted and it diffused through the people at an accelerated pace (Asamen 10). The number of households with a television set jumped from approximately 10,000 in 1945 to nearly seven million in 1950. By 1955, well-nigh 65% of U.S. households had at least one television set, and that figure was 90% in 1960 (Asamen 11). Currently only 2% of American households do not have a television set. (Asamen 10-11) Throughout the past three or four decades, the image of an American family has become more complex. In the past, families predominantly consisted of a mother, a father, and several chil dren. This has developed into something new, with a highly varied collection of nuclear families with one or two children, single parent households (predominantly female-headed), reconstituted or blended families pastime divorce and remarriage, and married or unmarried couples who prefer to remain childless (Huston 36). This observation causes a person o ask whether or not television programming has reflected this change. Are shows like 7th Heaven an accurate representation of a modern American family? Are the contents of The Wonder Years and The Brady constellate still relevant in our society?

Hiroshima :: essays research papers

Hiroshima is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture, southwestern Honshu, Japan. Hiroshima has warm, humid summers with July temperatures. Hiroshima caught the attention of the world when a U.S. p highway dropped the first atomic go wrong on the City, destroying it on August 6,1945. The Atomic bomb blast in 1945 obliterated three- fifths of the city within seconds and killed about 75,000 people. At exactly fifteen transactions past eight in the mourning, on August 6, 1945 Japanese time, at the moment when the atomic bomb flashed above Hiroshima. At the time of the blast Mrs. Huts Nakamura, a tailors widow stood by the window of her kitchen, watching a neighbor tearing down his house because it laid in path of an air-raid defense free lane . Mrs. Huts Nakamura, who lived in the section called Nobori-Cho got her three children, a ten year senior boy,Toshio, an eight year old girl yoke, and a five year old girl, Mohawk out of bed and dressed them and walked with them to the Military ar ea known as the East Parade Ground. There she unrolled some mats and the children laid down on them. They slept until about two, when they were awakened by the roar of the planes going over Hiroshima. As soon as the planes had passed, mars. Nakamura started back with her children. They reached home a little after two-thirty and she presently turned on the radio, which was broadcasting a fresh warnin g. She put the children in their bedrolls on the floor, laid down herself at three oclock, and fell asleep at once. The siren jarred her awake at about seven oclock, she arose and hurried to the house of Mr.Nakamoto, the head of her neighborhood Association and asked him what she should do. He told her to remain at home unless an imperative warning. The Prefectural Government convinced, everyone in Hiroshima that the city would be attacked. Their house was 1,350 yards or three-quarters of a mile, from the center of the explosion. Timbers fell around her as she landed and a shower of t iles also fell on her everything became dark and she became buried. She heard a child cry "Mother,help me" and she saw her youngest child, Mohawk the five year old buried up to her chest and unable to move. As Mrs. Nakamura started Frantically to claw her way toward the baby, she couldnt see or hear anything of her other children.

George Orwells: A Hanging Essay -- Literary Analysis

A world famous Essayist, a Novelist, and Critic, George Orwell is a name some race have heard at one point in their lives. His work continues to be used for educational purposes and held to a very high modular by many. Best remembered for his twin satires on totalitarianism, Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four, Orwell was a major participant in the British socialist movement. Although championing a stem turn politics of collective ownership, he extolled tradition and love of country while drawing a sharp distinction between patriotism and nationalism (ORWELL, GEORGE. ).He was born into a poor but proud middle class family in Moti-hari, Bengal, India as Eric Arthur Blair. His surname, George Orwell, stuck with him after writing his first book Down and prohibited in Paris and London. This title was regarding his experiences of how his upbringing left him with feelings of great guilt, and how he then chose to live in squalor for a period of his life. With unemployment rates highl y high in the 1930s he chose to join the labors and beggars and lived in low income lodging in London and Paris. He wondered the streets with professional vagrants and lived and learned their way of life. For Orwell this brought him hand-to-hand to his roots and was an experience he has to live (George Orwell.).Orwell was raised in England by his mother Ida, but he was often separated from his father Richard Orwell who spent his time working in India. His reputation among the people led him to be known as young and eccentric but withdrawn by most people who knew him. Orwell made an interesting reputation for himself, as a brilliant but poverty stricken writer. His determination led him to many good things Orwell was awarded two scholarships to what were ... ...ell. pressman Publishers, 1991. 85-92. Rpt. In short Stories for Students. Ed. Kathleen Wilson and Marie Lazzari. Vol. 4 Detroit Gale, 1998. Literature Resource Center. Web. 9 Feb. 2012Orwell, George, and George Packer. Fa cing Unpleasant Facts Narrative Essays. Orlando Harcourt, 2008. 23-28. Print.ORWELL, GEORGE. Encyclopedia of Nationalism Leaders, Movements, and Concepts. Oxford Elsevier Science & Technology, 2000. Credo Reference. Web. 08 April 2012.Orwell, George (pseudonym of George Orwell) (1903 - 1950). The Bloomsbury Dictionary of side Literature. London Bloomsbury Publishing Ltd, 1997. Credo Reference. Web. 12 March 2012.Rodden, John. View To A Kill. AmGeorgean Conservative 10.9 (2011) 33. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 08 Mar. 2012Sheldon, Michael. Orwell The Authorized Biography. New York Harper Collins, 1991. 53-340. Print.

Leda and the Swan Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

In William Butler Yeats poem Leda and the Swan, he uses the fourteen lines of the traditional sonnet form in a radical, modernist style. He calls up a series of unforgett fitting, bizarre images of an immediate physical event using abstract descriptions in brief language. Through structure and language Yeats is able to paint a powerful sexual image to his readers without directly giving the meaning of the poem. Leda and the Swan is a violent, sexually explicit poem with its plain diction, tripping vigor, and allusions to mystical ideas about the universe, the relationship of human and divine, and the cycles of history. It can be seen as a poem about the way a single event is to be understood as part of a larger scheme the result of the gods assault on Leda is the birth of Helen of Troy...

My Daughters Seizures :: Health Medical Seizures Illnesses Essays

My Daughters SeizuresGENERALIZED TONIC-CLONIC - (also called Grand Mal)Sudden cry, fall, rigidity, followed by muscle jerks, shallow breathing or temporarily suspended breathing, bluish skin, possible loss of bladder or bowel control, usually lasts a couple of minutes. Normal breathing then starts again. in that location may be some confusion and/or fatigue, followed by return to full consciousness.CommentsProtect head from injury.Turn on side to keep air passage clear.Dont restrainABSENCE - (also called Petit Mal)A blank stare, capturening and ending abruptly, lasting only a few seconds, most common in children. May be chewing movement of the mouth. Child is unaware of whats going on during the seizure but quickly returns to full awareness once it has stopped. May result in learning difficulties if not recognized and treated.CommentsNo first aid necessaryDaydreamingLack of attentionSIMPLE PARTIALJerking may begin in one empyrean of body, arm, leg or face. Cant be stopped but pa tient stays awake. Jerking may proceed from one area of the body to another, and sometimes spreads to become a convulsive seizure.Partial sensory seizure may not be patent to an onlooker. Patient experiences a twisted environment. May see or hear things that arent there, may feel unexplained fear, sadness, anger or joy. May have nausea, experience odd smells, and have a generally funny feeling in the stomach.CommentsActing out bizarre behaviorHysteriaCOMPLEX PARTIAL - (also called Psychomotor or Temporal Lobe) ordinarily starts with blank stare, followed by chewing followed by random activity. Person appears unaware of surroundings. May seem dazed and mumble. Unresponsive. Actions clumsy, not directed. May assemble at clothing, pick up objects, try to take clothes off. May run, appear afraid. May struggle. Once pattern established same set of actions usually occur with all(prenominal) seizure. Lasts a few minutes, but post-seizure confusion depose last substantially longer. No memory of what happened during seizure period.CommentsDrunkennessGuide gently away from obvious hazardsDont shoutDont restrainATONIC SEIZURES - (also called Drop Attacks)A child or adult suddenly collapses and falls, after ten seconds to a minute recovers, regains consciousness and can stand and walk again.CommentsClumsinessNormal childhood stagesIn a child, lack of good walking skillsMYOCLONIC SEIZURESSudden brief, massive muscle jerks that may implicate the whole body or parts of the body. May cause person to spill what they were holding or fall off a chair.CommentsClumsiness low-down coordinationINFANTILE SPASMSThese are clusters of quick, sudden movement that start between three months and two years. If a child is sitting up, the head will fall forward, and the gird will flex forward.

My Daughters Seizures :: Health Medical Seizures Illnesses Essays

My Daughters SeizuresGENERALIZED TONIC-CLONIC - (also called Grand Mal)Sudden cry, fall, rigidity, followed by muscle jerks, shallow breathing or temporarily suspended breathing, bluish skin, possible loss of bladder or bowel control, usually endings a couple of minutes. Normal breathing then starts again. There may be some confusion and/or fatigue, followed by return to full consciousness.CommentsProtect head from injury.Turn on side to keep airway clear.Dont restrainABSENCE - (also called Petit Mal)A blank stare, beginning and polish abruptly, lasting only a few seconds, most common in pip-squeakren. May be chewing movement of the m byh. Child is unaware of whats going on during the seizure but quickly returns to full awareness once it has stopped. May result in learning difficulties if not recognized and treated.CommentsNo first facilitate necessaryDaydreamingLack of attentionSIMPLE PARTIALJerking may begin in one area of body, arm, leg or face. Cant be stopped but patient st ays awake. Jerking may proceed from one area of the body to another, and sometimes spreads to become a convulsive seizure. overtone sensory seizure may not be obvious to an onlooker. Patient experiences a distorted environment. May see or hear things that arent there, may smack unexplained fear, sadness, anger or joy. May have nausea, experience odd smells, and have a generally funny feeling in the stomach.CommentsActing out bizarre behaviorHysteriaCOMPLEX PARTIAL - (also called Psychomotor or Temporal Lobe)Usually starts with blank stare, followed by chewing followed by random activity. person step ups unaware of surroundings. May seem dazed and mumble. Unresponsive. Actions clumsy, not directed. May pick at clothing, pick up objects, try to take clothes off. May run, appear afraid. May struggle. Once pattern established same set of actions usually occur with each seizure. Lasts a few minutes, but post-seizure confusion can last substantially longer. No memory of what happened d uring seizure period.CommentsDrunkennessGuide gently away from obvious hazardsDont shoutDont restrainATONIC SEIZURES - (also called Drop Attacks)A child or adult suddenly collapses and falls, after ten seconds to a minute recovers, regains consciousness and can stand and walk again.CommentsClumsinessNormal childhood stagesIn a child, lack of good walking skillsMYOCLONIC SEIZURESSudden brief, massive muscle jerks that may involve the whole body or parts of the body. May have person to spill what they were holding or fall off a chair.CommentsClumsinessPoor coordinationINFANTILE SPASMSThese are clusters of quick, sudden movement that start between three months and two years. If a child is sitting up, the head will fall forward, and the arms will flex forward.

The Philosophy of the Human Person

But the outcome of any philosophical examination is determined by its outset place relates to the question of horizon, a limit of what can be seen from a definite perspective consisted of a prevail overive and objective fixed point of reference. persuasion is non a figure of speech scarcely our framework to understand something and to make a decisiveness. It is a framework of choices. It is our aw beness of the choices among the philosophies in sprightliness. Choice connotes freedom. We atomic number 18 free to choose a philosophy that is best for us and apply it. If what we chose as a philosophy is inapplicable, then we choose an early(a) philosophy and alteration our perspective.As stated by Professor Florentine Horned, Our horizon affects the choices we make about what life is. When ones horizon is bigger, the choice is more difficult. How do we get our horizon? It poses an inquiry, Do we believe in anything? And the answer depends on our choices of what to believe or no t to believe. Ultimately, the question Who am l? will be answered in determining our horizon. William Shakespearian Hamlet line, To be or not to be, that is the question finds application in the perishing point of ones horizon. Likewise, we adopt Socrates statement Know Thy Self which is an examination of ones life and purpose.For deterrent example, we examine if our purpose is to serve others, if it is, then our horizon is about selfless service. We be inclined to offer ourselves for gentlemans gentlemanitarian causes. We are engrossed in circumstances others in need and in distress. We are engaged in an active social work as a volunteer. Another example, an elementary grade bookman named Lily who dreams of becoming a lawyer like her father. The philosophical inquiry of Lily is what is Justice? The outcome of this inquiry is determined by her horizon. Obviously, Lilys idea of Justice is narrow and limited.She, by reason of her tender age, can be influenced easily by his pare nts or schoolt severallyers definition of Justice. When she saw a neighbour beingness arrested and handcuffed by the policeman, she heard that her neighbor tang another and she immediately concluded that her neighbor is a criminal who deserves to be Jailed not crafty that thither is a legal touch on for it known as a trial. She lauded the act of the swift arrest by the policemen on her neighbor who was not doing anything other than resting in his house. She says that in that respect is Justice in the country because what she heard from her t to each oneer, A Justice delayed , is a Justice denied. In the case of her neighbor, there was no delay of Justice because of the abrupt arrest. When she became a high school student, her idea of Justice changes. Her horizon broaden because she watches TV programs and reads newspapers. When she became a law student, her horizon further broaden because she studying Justice in its legal sense. She now knew that the neighbors arrest was ille gal because utter neighbor was not in the act of committing a crime or has committed it. There was no warrant of arrest presented to her neighbor, a constitutional violation under Article Ill, Section 2, Philippine Constitution.She learned that her neighbor was a victim of in evaluator. So, she wanted to defend him or psyche like him who is a victim of injustice. After outlet the bar, Lily became a lawyer who was accepted as a public attorney, a paupers charge who roleplay and defend them for free in court. Then, Lily came across a case similar to her neighbor. She defended him well contending the illegality of his arrest. When the decision was pronounced, she witnessed the crying ND anguish of the family members and relatives of the victim shot by her client. The court acquitted the man because of the able defense and trial skills of Lily.However, out location the courtroom, the man admitted the killing and thanked Lily for defending him to escape punishment even he is guilty . Because of this experience, Lilys horizon expanded. She saw the injustice committed on the victim and the family members because of the acquittal of the man, she thought was innocent but actual a guilty one. When Lily was promoted as a public prosecuting attorney, her experiences as a public attorney is carried to her new role, thereby, giving her evolved notion of what Justice is. And finally, when Lily became a Judge, she has a different view of the philosophical inquiry of what is Justice? And its outcome is determined by its starting point, that is, the horizon of Lily as a Judge. Her horizon is not only looking at the east side of the sky as a public attorney or its west side as a public prosecutor but looking at the entire sky to answer the philosophical inquiry of what is Justice? Our basic drive is to know. Our man knowing is through our senses like seeing, hearing, smelling, touching and tasting. The rationality of knowing consists of inquiring, imagining, understandin g, conceiving, formulating, reflecting, marshalling and weighing evidence.The enlightenment of knowing are Judging, deliberating, evaluating, deciding, speaking and writing. The intrinsic objectivity of human cognitional activity is its spiritality can be restated to be the essential external naive realism of knowing is its purpose. Our goal of our knowing and perceiving is in its intention. We are living questionnaires by nature. When we experience things, we gather up question like why it is so? that leads to the formulation in definition, hypotheses ND theories. Accordingly, the intention is a dynamic structure of knowing.This intention is unrestricted and limitless because there is nothing that we cannot question. The same intention is comprehensive because our questioning probes each aspect of everything. As answers stands to questions, our cognitional activities stand to the intention of our being. Our answer is to a question because both have the same intention. Thus, th e intrinsic relation of the dynamic structure of human knowing passes from the side of the subject (intention intendeds) to the side of object (intention intent). For example, the question, what is this? Ends an information to our mind the words this and is. The what refers to this. This sending of an information did not settle any issue but it did raise an issue described by Bernard Lonelier, SO to be neither knowledge nor ignorance of the essence and existence but it is the intention of both. What the essence is and if the essence exists are questions not answers that unites the side of the subject (intention intendeds) to the side of object (intention intent) in our knowing and perceiving. To explicate this, let us take a case at a police station.There are terce shadys for investigation by the police Homicide section. A man was killed by an unidentified assailant. The three suspects interposed the defense of denial and alibi. The first suspect said that he was at their provinc e when the crime dored. The other was attending a fiesta. The last suspect claimed to be at his brothers house. The witness identified the three to be perpetrators of the crime. They were indicted by the public prosecutor. During the trial, the cross-examination by a prosecutor is a cognitional activity.The object of such is either to build up the theory of prosecution r to destroy the theory of defense. So, every question is loaded with a purpose. Otherwise, the truth will be elusive that will result to injustice to all the parties. Why is this crime committed? the prosecutor in knowing this passes from the side of the subject (intention intendeds) to the side of object (intention intent). This intention is unrestricted and limitless because there is nothing the prosecutor cannot question to the accused at the witness stand.From our viewpoint, we can no longer think of life as a mere and pure spontaneity. We can no longer think of verbal expression as our lifes antagonist. It is essential to adopt that reflections are part of our life. Reflection is one of the lifes ways of rising from one level of being to another. Reflection is a process of recalling or re-examining our past experiences in sanctify to understand them. It is either a primary coil reflection or utility(prenominal) reflection. The primary reflection examines its object by abstraction, by analytically breaking it down into its constituent parts.It is concern with definitions, essences and technical solutions to problems. It answers the question What am l? while the secondary reflection is synthetic that unites than vides and answers the question Who am l. As stated by Professor Florentine Horned, The primary reflection is a pragmatic convergent thinker of problem like posing a question, if you do not know how to make a living, how can you feed the hungry? There must be a solution too problem. The balancing of primary reflection (What am R) and secondary reflection (Who am I) is the exi stential fulcrum.To reflect is to ask oneself something that occurred and to go tail end in time and recall the moment. We exercise it on things that are worth reflecting about. We reflect on our experiences. The richer is our experience, the more is our reflection. When we experience obstacles and adversities, our reflection occur being checked by a certain break in the continuity of experience that it becomes necessary to pass from one level to another. In passing from lower level to higher level, we recover from the higher level the unity that was lost on the lower level.For example, when a judgment was rendered at a regional Trial Court, there was a reflection made by the Presiding Judge on the evidence presented by the prosecution and defense and their respective arguments. When the Judgment was appealed, the decision was reviewed y Court of Appeal Justices. There is another reflection on the case to arrive at a judgment whether to affirm or atavism it. When the Judgment is r eversed, the reflection is raised up from one level, the reflection of a Judge in the Regional Trial Court, to another level, may be a higher one, the reflection of a Justice in the Court of Appeals.When the Judgment of the Court of Appeals is brought up to the Supreme Court, the Judgment rendered by the latter is a reflection that is raised to the highest level, which everyone, must respect and abide for our Supreme Court is a final arbiter of a case. There may be a sugared set of Jurisprudence created out of this reflection. Each symbol gives rise to comprehension by means of interpretation. Signs are expressions that carry out meaning revealed through the intention of the signifying that is conveyed by words. Not every sign is a symbol. A symbol suggests something. All symbols are full of meaning.Different people interpret symbols differently. Every symbol is subject to different interpretation. Hence, a symbol can have different meanings. How can the symbol be a starting point for thought without leading back to the same old interpretations? The answer lies in the relationship between symbols and hermeneutics. This interpretation is both in the symbol and beyond. There are three (3) stages of this interpretation which are (1) phenomenology which is the comprehension of the symbol by the symbol or by a symbol as a whole. Professor Florentine Horned said, The things should be construe by going back to the things themselves.The realities should be studied not contemplated. The whole should give meaning to the parts while the parts should give meaning to the whole. His example is the image of the Mama Mary, the mother of Jesus Christ. She symbolizes purity, spotless or cleanliness, thus the description Immaculate Mary from a root word Macaulay meaning a spot or stain. Her description is attributed by the story in our Bible that she conceived Jesus Christ, the son of God, without having engaged in a sexual intercourse, which the act itself is viewed to be d irty or unclean.Another example our Professor Florentine Horned discussed is the word extrapolation. Ex, meaning out, Nina meaning way which is the truth. For him, there is a road and there is an outside to the road. Our world has the inside and outside. It has a right side and wrong side. Sometimes, we get lost due to equal value of things. We do not know what philosophical side to take even though philosophy is simple. We complicate it. (2) the hermeneutics which is the interpretation applied in each case to an individual text.This is a start of intelligent deciphering symbolized by a knot, see as a circle expressed in a statement, muff must comprehend in order to believe but you must believe in order to comprehend and (3) the thought starting from symbols which is finding a philosophy hidden under symbols and the undertaking of philosophy is to promote and shape the meaning in a creative interpretation. To illustrate, the symbol off Justice is a blindfolded madam carrying a overcome. This is interpreted by another symbol of a balance or weighing scale known as phenomenology.When the lady blindfold is removed or the scale carried is heavier at one side than the other, this is an interpretation of injustice, this is known as hermeneutics. There is a message behind the symbol to be deciphered intelligently. When the symbol of lady Justice is changed, thereby promoting and shaping the meaning in a creative interpretation, this is what Paul Recovers referred to as the thought starting from symbols. What new symbol can represent Justice in our modern times? The thoughts from the symbol of Justice creates a new philosophy giving us new comprehension as to what justice is that is responsive to our times.We interpret, we comprehend. New symbols are born with this comprehension. Our union of encounter is based on experience. It is a mystery that takes place on the higher level of our human existence. In many cases, we have no physical contact or material conta ct in our encounter with others but the result of union is deeper than anything. Deeper than what our material contact can produce. Thus, We have the existential presence which is a common spiritual bond in virtue of which each is present in the other and participates in the being of another. This existential presence differs from spatial proximity or nearness which is indicated in our daily life as presence. An example is a congregation of lawyers attending in a convention. They are proximate to each other but they are not existentially present to one another unless there is an introspective communion between them. This communion is exemplified by the talking and debating of these congregation of racers in the convention who get the chance to know each other, thus, starting to cognise each others presence.The nature of this existential presence cannot be forcibly realized in opposition to spatial proximity. In our example, the congregation of lawyers made their proximity to each other possible even with them objecting to it because there is a rule to follow for them to be proximate to each other like they have their respective lav assignment. This cannot be in existence presence. The lawyers who are seatmates during the convention can choose not to talk to each other. They can choose to completely ignore each other from start to the end of the convention.One lawyer cannot be forced to be present to others without his liking much more when he is opposed to the existence of the said presence. For existential presence is not subject to a rule unlike spatial proximity. Engineers Van Greengrocer elucidates this with his example, l am able to stay near someone against his will and I may compel someone else to remain with me. But the communion can be obtained only through the free mutual amour of the persons involved. I may appeal to the there to be existentially present with me, but if he refuses, I cannot force him.The very imposition of my will would emphasiz e the separation between our personal being and destroy even the possibility of an encounter. Similarly, I may offer myself to be authentically with the other but if he does not freely open himself, my insistence is in vain. Existential presence, therefore, cannot be forced. All I can do is open myself to it and welcome it when it is realized. As the old verbalism goes, Mimi can lead the horse to the river, and you can even try to bring the water to the horse, but you cannot force it to drink the water.

Compare the opening of Zeffirelli Essay

Baz Luhrmann and Zeffirelli both interpret the play differently, as they both had different tar die audiences. Baz Luhrmann made a modern adaptation to appeal to teenagers. He wanted to get them interested in Shakespeare, and create a different opinion of Shakespeare. Whereas, Zeffirelli aimed to capture a slightly wider audience. He aimed to recreate the time in which Shakespeare int break offed the play to be set. He would farm the date apparent through set designs and costumes. Baz Luhrmanns version was more modern for example he used guns instead of swords, in the play off scene, in coif to attract and capture his audience. heretofore he kept the original script, so he didnt detract from the actual play and create a completely different film. He used cars and petrol stations, as apposed to a town with market stalls. This helped to make the action faster and more upbeat. As Baz used guns instead of swords, the word sword was in scripted on the gun, to make it easier to underst and, with the original text. On the opposite hand, Zeffirelli wanted to keep as close to the time of Shakespeare, as possible. He set it in a town centre, with market stalls around.Zeffirelli wanted to get across the clear division of the families. You were either a Montague or a Capulet, at that place was no in between, I think this shows how damaging and serious the fury was. When the bell was rung in the town, it displayed the clear involvement of the whole town,, it also shows the rivalry and hatred between the families, when they raced out with swords, when the brawl broke out. In Baz Luhrmanns version the prologue was repeated in different formats. In the first format of the prologue, there was a blank screen, at the beginning, which built up the suspense.Then a few seconds later, a television screen, with a news reporter, zooms in. The reporter is reporting the brawl as the latest piece of news. There is s an image of a broken ring, which symbolises a relationship with a b ad ending. The second format of the prologue is from a birds eye view, over the town. There is an image of a person duplicity dead on a mattress. This signifies the seriousness of the brawls and it shows that the families will go to any lengths to hurt the other family. Also there were images of fire, police and ambulances. This gives the impression of a baffle society with no order.There is a large image of two buildings, with the names Montague and Capulet, clearly on the top of them. In the middle of the two buildings there is a statue of Jesus, this image signifies the direct competition between the two families. I think it also represents judgment and that at heart both families want the identical things. The last format of the prologue, text was flying across the screen. It was flashy and bold, which made it eye catching and easy to read. There was then sill close ups of the main showcases, with their character name beside it.This made it easy to follow and clear who was w ho. Baz Luhrmann used bright colours for costumes and lively, fast, exciting music, which helped get the audiences attention. Whereas Baz Luhrmann has used loud, fast music, Zeffirelli has used the complete opposite. In Zeffirellis prologue he has used calm, peaceful music and he has used woodwind instruments, to create renaissance- style music. There is a voice over harangue the prologue. Like Baz Luhrmann, Zeffirelli has used bright colours. There is an opening image of the market, which sets the scene.It gives the impression of a town caught up in and gripped by hatred and rivalry. There is an angle shot of a Capulets legs and their costumes, this straight away marks the period. In Baz Luhrmanns fight scene, there is a sign, in the petrol garage saying enlarge more fuel to your fire, this has a double meaning. There is a close up of the heel grinding the cigarette, shows the rivalry and hatred. Also the close up of Tybalts eyes show the hatred he has and his anger, whilst at the same time displaying his pleasure in angering the Capulet family.This also creates suspense. The sound of gunshots and helicopters, indicate that someone has been hurt. Zeffirellis fight scene is set in the town centre. When an onlooker says Look at them, it gets the audience to focus on the rivalry, objectively, rather than being drawn in. the close ups of expressions, emphasise the hatred and disgust in each other. When they trip up an old man from the other family, it shows the cruelty of the brawls. Before Tybalt enters, there is no music, in order to show his importance. The close up of his eyes also shows his confidence.When the two sides are running into town from their different sides, it shows the clear divide of the two families. At the end of the brawl, when the prince enters, there is a low angle shot of him, to show his status. There is then a long shot of the big crowd to show the intent of the violence. In conclusion, they are both effective and prospering in ap pealing to their target audiences. I think that Baz Luhrmann appealed to his teenage audience well, and I think he achieved his goal, as he made it fast and it was action packed. It was exciting and upbeat, in order to attract and grip his teenage audience.I think it gets teenagers to rethink their impressions or so Shakespeare and start to understand more about his plays. However I think it differs from what Shakespeare intended and possibly relates a different message about Shakespeare (which may be a good thing however, it makes him seem like something he is not and Baz Luhrmann cant make a new and more exciting version of all Shakespeares plays ) I think Zeffireli was very successful in recreating the period of Shakespeare, and he portrayed the divide within the town very well.However I think that maybe Zeffirellis version was a little too laid back and soft, as I think that Shakespeare would hire intended a little more violence and a stronger sense of hatred between the two f amilies, also I think Zeffirelli didnt in reality show the competition and enjoyment that the young rivals got from winding each other up and starting brawls, too well. However, I do think that both Baz Luhrmann and Zeffireli were successful in capturing the target audience, in the first scenes, and directing their adaptations of Romeo and Juliet.

Personal Conflict Essay

It was on January 2006 when I first set my feet in USA, a day I will live to remember. I was eighteen years old then and had just graduated from high school. I was the best student in my previous school so I got a acquaintance to further my studies. Since childhood ,I was fascinated by people especially their cultures, religions and other aspects of their lives however what really amazed me was the way they communicated and the different dustups that they apply.My life had revolved approximately one language that was Arabic and therefore when this chance came I was very excited and without second thoughts took the opportunity to study English as my second language. I chose English because it was an international language and I k naked it would help me communicate with many people from different parts of the World. More so, it was to be of great assistance to me especially in my stay in the USA. When this day came, I was amidst mixtures of feelings. Even though I was very excite d, terror and confusion took the better part of me.The thought of sledding my parents and my younger siblings really terrified me and all of a sudden, I felt lonely. Earlier on after waking up, prayers had been arranged for me and all people wished me a safe journey to America. I was escorted by my friends and family members to the airport where they bid me farewell. This was my first time to travel from my sign of the zodiac country and the first to travel in an airplane. firearm in the plane many thoughts cut across my mind. I thought nearly the people I would meet and wondered how they would receive me.I also thought about the college I would be enrolled to and my classmates to be . I wondered if there were people from my home place, how many will they be and above all how I would communicate since I was not familiar with English by then. I was in this state when suddenly an air hostess brought me some snacks . Tasty as they looked, I never took a bite. What I could not unde rstand about the air hostess was that she appeared composed and friendly and completely unaware of my predicament. She was young, energetic and cheerful and nothing seemed to dither her.Contrary, I was deep in confusion and uncertainty . I lost my appetite something which seldom happens to me. In fact , I rarely choose nourishment and anything edible is good to me provided it is not harmful . More so, being the first time to travel by plane I was really uncomfortable and the follow by dint of was horrifying. At one time a thought of the aeroplane crushing crossed my mind and it really got me scared. Sleep never crossed my eyes during the unhurt journey and it took exactly fourteen hours to reach my destination.I arrived at the JFK airport in New York at around 10 pm . The night was chile and many people wore heavy clothing to keep their bodies warm . I had carried a descend jacket which I wore to protect myself from the cold . The environment was new and everything about this place seemed new to me. I was really getting more and more confused and thought it was evening better when I was in the plane. My light jacket did not seem to be of much help to me because the cold weather was getting the better of me. Though out of place, a thought crossed my mind.I wondered of how it used to be unusually hot at home and how I had adapted to that kind of climate. I wondered how long would it take for me to get used to this new environment. I do not know exactly how long I had been standing there but what I recall is that I embed myself all alone, confused, scared and lost and attracting some policemen. I felt out of place and the way they were looking at me was scaring. Did they see me as a terrorist or something? I never got to answer that question because one of them came directly to where I was and asked whether I was Mr.Mohammed. Though at first I could not understand what he was driving at, the mention of my name do me realize he was out to find me. Upon r eceiving my answer, he took my passport and asked me to follow him. They took me to one isolated room where they begun interrogating me. small did they know that I could not understand whatever they were talking about. From their faces I could tell they were suspicious of something. One police officer who was taller than the rest and had a pointed wreathe with glaring eyes called the others and got outside of the room.I heard them whispering but could not tell what they were discussing. I do not know exactly what transpired but the moment they came in I sensed danger. I was forced to take off my clothes which apart from being humiliating experience it really made me nervous. They might have thought that I had some atomic bomb with me. What made me extremely terrified was the way they were pointing guns at me. For a moment I thought I was going to die. Here I was, people back at home hoping the best for me but not having a clue of the devilishly situation I was in at that particul ar time.The thought of my mum losing me, made me collapse and when I came back to my senses, I was bed ridded in a hospital. At the hospital I got acquinted to the nurse who was taking care of me . She was a very caring and pleasant lady. She did not like it when I told her (she understood me inspite the language barrier) how the policemen had treated me . She failed to understand how people sometimes could be so inhumane. It was from her that I learnt of how I ended up in an hospital and she also told me that our embassy had been contacted.All this she claimed was through the concerted effort of the management of the hospital . Through her kindness and assurance that all will be well, I was beginning to have hope that things would be better for me. I failed to understand how things could contradict themselves. It was simply not easy to relate the caring and treatment I received from the hospital with the reception I received from the policemen. I had been at the hospital overnight and I got discharged at around 10 am in the morning. This happened when the Saudi Arabian embassy displace one of its elements to intervene .All was set right and I could not believe it when one policeman was sent to apologize on the behalf of the others and he even offered us a ride to a hotel. The ride was short but I did not fail to notice how the roads were smooth and carefully constructed. If it were home the journey would have taken a little bit longer because most of them need to be tarmacked and they are dusty. When I arrived at the hotel, I took a bathe, had lunch and then slept after 28 good hours of unrest. I woke up at around 10 pm and realized I was all alone, the agent from the Saudi Arabian embassy had promised to drop by the following morning to pick me up.He had informed me that he would take me to his house and where I would be staying for for a while while we sort subjects out. I could not get sleep that night. All my thoughts directed to the kind of life I wa s to lead in the USA. Foremost, being an Arab and a Muslim I wondered where mosques could be found and whether I would learn to communicate in English. Also I thought about the encounter with the policemen and realized the matter had been made complex due to ineffective communications. All these and other thoughts ran across my mind through out the night.In spite uncertainty facing me, I kept on hoping believing and having faith that everything will turn out right for me and I would enjoy my stay in the USA and eventually impinge on it my home. It has been three years now since I arrived in the USA. A lot of things have changed mostly with me trying to catch up with the American way of life. I have made new friends from different backgrounds and we assist each other in times of troubles. Even though I am different in my culture, religion and way of thinking, I get along with others through their support and understanding.

Recording, analysing and using HR information Review Essay

ContentsPage One Title of briefing eyeshadePage Two Contents pagePage Three Two reasons why the organisation call for to collect HR selective information Page quartet Two types of data that is collected within the organisation and how each supports HR practices Page Five A description of two methods of storing records and the benefits Page Six Limitations turning 1980 relating to the recording, storage and approachability of HR data and the info protection Act 1998 relating to the recording, storage and accessibility of HR data Page Seven Reference mention HR records and their retention be extremely complex and constantly changing atomic number 18as requiring companies to have document retention policies and monitoring programmes. (CIPD Website)Two reasons why the organisation needs to collect HR dataTo comply with legislative and regulatory requirements Such as minimum wage, hours of work based on the working time directive, tax and national insurance purposes.Org anisational Records Such as recruitment and selection records, absence, staff turnover records, learning and development records. Provides information affecting the state of an organisation.Two types of data that is collected within the organisation and how it supports HR practicesOrganisational records enables an organisation to make informed decisions,these types of records are essential to monitor absence levels and recruit when necessary, to ensure productivity is in effect(p) and ensure that staff are maintaining a high level of efficiency through learning and development activities.Statutory regulation Ensures practices are fair and consistent, and the interposition of employees can be monitored and standardised for everyone, this as well incorporates the health and safety of employees. The types of records held will be dependant on the statutory regulations the organisations need to monitor.ACAS suggests Legislative changes, such as the Working Time Regulations, may tri gger organisational changes. Whatever the reason for change, good personnel records are key, providing the data for analysing what needs to be put into place. (ACAS military unit data and record keeping brochure 2011)Two methods of storing records and the benefits of eachACAS suggests all organisations regardless of size need to keep accurate records of there employees. Therefore thought should be given by an organisation on how this data should be stored, and the type of system that is most suitable to the organisation. (ACAS Personnel data and record keeping booklet 2011)The most popular systems chosen in most organisations is either a computerised or a manual system for storage.Computerised systemsThere are many systems that can be chosen dependant on the cost and how in-depth the analysis is needed to be carried out in the organisation. A computerised system enables trends to be easily collated and identified. It can be convenient and easy to obtain and sort information. Can o ften be a more secure way to stay on data by having different levels of security based upon the individuals need for the information stored.Manual systemsWhile computerised systems could be costly manual systems are cheaper to implement. Manual systems are reliable in that there isnt a chance a manual system can crash unlike a computer system, which could also fail to hackers. Files are easily accessible and doesnt require a computer to be turned on.UK legislations to be considered relating to the recording, storage and accessibility of HR dataLimitation Act 1980Is where the organisations documents may be relevant to a contractual claim, it is recommended by the CIPD fact sheet on retention that these be retained for at least the corresponding 6-year limitation period. This is based on the 6-year time limit within which legal proceedings must be commenced as laid down by the Limitation Act 1980 by issuing a claim form.Data Protection Act 1998The Data Protection Act 1998 replaces t he 1984 Data Protection Act. The particular points to note in the 1998 Act are Personal data shall be adequate, relevant and not profuse in relation to the purposes for which it is polished Includes information held in filing systems regardless of date location (manual, paper-based, and computerise Personal data shall be obtained only for square purposes, and shall not be processed in any manner incompatible with this Personal data shall be kept for no longer than is necessary for the purposes for which it is processed Personal data shall be subject to appropriate technical and organisational measures to protect against unauthorised or unlawful processing and accidental loss, destruction or impose on _or_ oppress Personal data shall not be transferred to a country or rule outside the European Economic Area unless that country or territory ensures an adequate level of data protection.Reference listCIPD (July 2013) fact sheet on retention of documentswww.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/fa ctsheets/retention-hr-records.aspx2) ACAS (July 2011) Personnel data and record keeping booklet http//m.acas.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=7173) ACAS (July 2011) Personnel data and record keeping booklet http//m.acas.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=717

Apa module assignment

Association was founded in 1929 by a group of psychologists, anthropologist and research scholars. It is a method of data formatting and citing the idea inside the document which was originally used by someone else in their article. In other manner of speaking, PAP Is the style of giving becoming persona book to a statement, quote or idea of others that helps the reader for quick reference at the finale of the paper. It enhances the legitimacy and originality of the author.PAP Tyler Is worldwide accepted form of writing papers, where In text citation and references at the end of the paper proves the genuineness of the writing by Glenn proper acknowledgement to the original Idea of the writer. In-text citation Is used when writer Is using someone elses thoughts and quotes. In-text citations be necessary even If someone elses thoughts which are already published are written In your own words. In-text citations are Important, else Its considered as plagiarism that means to take s omeone elses work and prove to be yours own.In-text citations can be given by following few simple steps. in that location are different softwares and even word documents that help for citations. In my previous assignment on school bullies I used the In-text citations. Example Goodman (2013) provides facts and findings in the article, Bullied Kids lots Develop Physical Symptoms, Study Says, about the children bullied at school. According to the research among 220,000 school aged kids and 14 countries, it has been proven that frequent and unexpected physical unsoundness is moon in school children when they are victims of bullying (Goodman (2013),Para. ). If we want to include any direct quotes in the document, it should be cited properly. Direct quotes are original words of the author and needs to be acknowledged by in-text citations. This can be done by following simple steps. Direct quotes should be included in inverted commas and needs to be in exact words as mentioned in the o riginal source. Further it should have authors name and year the article was published. Its a good habit if we include page number or Para number or reference. All this is included in parenthesis.Finally at the very end of the paper Is the reference page which included the detail of the in-text citation. Example The results of this study suggest that any recurrent and unexplained physical symptom can be a warning sign of bullying, (Gigantic Gin, 2013, Para. 5). Pap module assignment By insomnia someone else in their article. In other words, PAP is the style of giving proper citation style is worldwide accepted form of writing papers, where in text citation and preferences at the end of the paper proves the genuineness of the writing by giving proper acknowledgement to the original idea of the writer.In-text citation is used when writer is using someone elses thoughts and quotes. In-text citations are necessary even if someone elses thoughts which are already published are written in your own words. In-text citations are important, else its considered as plagiarism that common in school children when they are victims of bullying (Goodman (Barbara. Is the reference page which included the detail of the in-text citation. Example.

Meteors Case Study Essay

meteoroidoidites atomic number 18 rocks from lay, which land on followence, attracted by her gravity. The guessing stars that you visit at night clip, atomic number 18 actually burning meteors that fall on primer coat from out(p)er(a) space This is the first of about interesting facts that atomic number 18 going to follow. wherefore do meteorites fall? For the aforementioned(prenominal) reason why anything falls on Earth Gravity. Very few lavatory escape it Meteorites stupefy their generator in outer space. They argon relatively teensy-weensy pieces of disperse and debris, usually left behind in the wake of a comet. Meteorites, that atomic number 18 long in sizing, take in their origin in space, as angulates.They be left over pieces of question from formation of the solar placement, which could not clump together to form a grasper uniform our Earth. There is a dense hip-hop of much(prenominal) angulars outside the orbit of the major planet deflow er, called the Asteroid Belt. Asteroids be huge in size and their lengths can number to kilometers Once in a while, small pieces of rock or dust, come into range of Earths gravitational get unsloped dynamic and fall on Earth as shooting stars. An asteroid dislodged from its trajectory and falling on Earth is a desire called a meteorite. However, an asteroid being huge in size, causes a cataclysmic explosion on Earth on impact.OriginMeteor and Meteorite facts argon interchangeable terms and we shall see why they are so. When these rocks and pieces of dust are floating in space, they are called Meteoroids. When they make a blazing incoming into Earths automatic teller machine, they are called Meteors. Finally, if they survive the burning entry into Earths atmosphere and fall on Earth, they are called Meteorites. So a meteorite could originate from comet debris called meteoroids or larger physical objects called asteroids here are rough basic facts nigh meteorites, meteo rs and meteoroids. Comets leave tons of dust and debris in their trail as they go away along long orbits round the Sun. When Earth, while revolving around the Sun, passes by around patches of this comet debris, it recruits the Earths atmosphere causing meteor showers.Meteor showers are resultic events. angiotensin converting enzyme can see thousands of meteors or shooting stars, as they are called, during such a shower. The most popular meteor showers are Perseids (which peak around August 12) and Leonids (which peak around 17 November). During these showers, you can observe a shooting star at the rate of 1 meteor per minute on an average. A falling meteor can travel at speed of as much as 44 miles per second One of the facts is that they take a leak nigh of the centenarianest rocks in the solar system among them. They could be sometime(a) than the Earth and date from the period when Sun was forming E really(prenominal) day, more or less 4 zillion meteoroids fall on EarthMajority of them are precise petite and in that locationfore do not cause much harm. If a meteorite is detect while falling and recover from the dictate of fall, its called a fall meteorite. If a meteorite is not observed while falling, but ensnare from any location, its called a find. Till 2006, there begin been roughly 1,050 witnessed falls while there are about 30,000 documented Finds. Falling meteors which are large in size, can create an intense electromagnetic pulse, which temporarily disrupt radio conversation in the region of fall With a properly designed radio antenna, you can actually hear meteorites falling as radio noise.Types and CompositionHere are some facts about their types and composition, that you should know about. Recovered meteorites are classified into tercet chief(prenominal) categories which are Chondrites (Make about 86% of all recovered meteorites), Achondrites (8%) and iron out meteorites (6 %). The name Chondrites comes from features call ed Chrondules, which are melted silicate materials from their past. Chondrites are about 4.55 billion eld old and are the types of rocks from which our own planet create Certain chondrite meteorites fallen from outer space contain traces of amino acids and organic effect, bolstering the theory that life whitethorn have been planted on Earth This is superstar of the most astounding facts. Achronidtes are relatively younger meteorites of the igneous rock type and are pieces of asteroids, the dream and deflower Iron meteorites are composed of iron-nickel alloys and silicate materials. They are give carewise thought to be pieces of asteroidsEvery star of these meteor facts are intriguing. Earth has been pounded by the impact of many meteorites, ranging from the very tiny to gigantic meteorites. The meteorites impact craters that are found on earth are testimony to this. It is time for the last of our facts. One gigantic meteorite impact occurred one thousand thousands of years ago on Earth which brought on the extinction of dinosaurs One question that may come to your mind is, Where do meteorites fall?. They could fall anywhere on Earth. Meteors have been found all over the world. The recent findings have been mostly in Africa and accessible departments of Antarctica. If you could find one, you are bound to be rich as private collectors and museums pay millions of dollars for them The reason is that they are very rare and are make up of minerals, which are never found on Earth So keep looking You may never know, when one might pop out of the sky, making you rich. So its actually profitable to know some meteor facts. Originating in the outer space, an object reaches Earth and gets a place in the list of meteorites.There have been many instances of extraterrestrial bodies impacting the Earths surface while some have lone(prenominal) passed through the Earths atmosphere before they were exterminateed. Meteorites have been arousing interest of the masses a s there is an element of mystery that surrounds them. Where do they originate? What makes some of them enter the Earths atmosphere? How dangerous can they get? Space research and astronomy have revealed some interesting information about some of these questions and researched thoroughly on the dissimilar types of meteorites. approximately of the meteorites disintegrate before reaching Earth while some reach the planets surface. extensive meteorites form craters on Earth while the smaller ones involve less danger. Meteorites containing small round particles are known as chondrites and form about 86% of those falling on Earth. Those similar in appearance to small igneous rocks are called achondrites and believed as being the crustal material of asteroids.Meteorites originating from the core of asteroids are known as iron meteorites and form about 5% of the meteorites, which fall. History has recorded a number of instances of meteorites impacting the Earth. ALH 84001 It was found in the Allan Hills, Antarctica in December 1984. Meteorite hunters of the get together States functional on ASMNET project discovered this meteorite. When discovered, its mass was 1.93 kilograms and its rock was reportedly one of the oldest forms. This meteorite was say to have come from Mars. Later it was believed to lie in of some traces of the life on Mars and this made ALH 84001 more famous than ever. Hoba This meteorite lies on the remotem Hoba West in Namibia and has never been moved elsewhere because of its exceptionally greater mass.With a mass of about 60 tons, it is the largest meteorite known to mankind. It is tabloid in shape and composed of metal. It is believed to have landed on Earth about 80,000 years ago. In 1955, it was declared as a national monument and has since then been attracting visitors from different split of the world. Tunguska Event The Tunguska explosion took place in June 1908 near Tunguska River, now a part of Russia. some probably, the air burst of a large meteorite caused this explosion. The energy emitted from this explosion was about 1000 times greater than that of the bomb blast of Hiroshima. According to the eyewitnesses of this explosion, the event started with a flash of bright blue light and a sound originating from east and moving northward. Later the sound was accompanied by shock waves that broke windows miles away. This was one of the famous disintegrating meteorites that remain in the list of worlds most famous meteorites.Willamette Meteorite This is an iron-nickel meteorite that was discovered in the United States near Oregon. It is the largest of the meteorites found in the United Sates as overly the sixth largest in the world. Probably the meteorite had landed in the region, which is now known as Canada. This meteorite weighing about 15.5 tons is one of the very large meteorites of the world. Orgueil This meteorite fell in France in 1864 and is a relatively older meteorite. The fall of this meteorite consis ted of small rock and rolls that covered a massive area.This is one of those eight meteorites that give way to the CL chondrite group. A striking feature of this type of meteorite it that its composition is similar to that of the Sun. This meteorite is one of the most researched ones. For purposes of deeplyer involve of the composition of this meteorite, it was split into pieces. Currently, it exists in the form of pieces unbroken in different museums in Europe and the United States. These were some of the famous meteorites of the world. They have unceasingly been a subject of interest for researchers around the world.Meteor showersA meteor shower is a gos equivalentr event wherein it is observed that a group of meteors radiate from anyone point in the sky. This phenomenon is also known as Meteor Storm or Meteor Outburst. The meteors that are deliver in the showers are actually cosmic debris that enter the Earth atmosphere at very high speed and vaporize very quickly due to friction leaving behind a streak of light which is known as the meteor shower. An identified meteor shower is usually an annual affair as the Earth will encounter the same meteors at approximately the same time and same speed every year.CausesMeteor showers are a result of interaction that takes place between the planet Earth and a comet. Comets consist of ice and rocks (often termed dirty ice balls) that orbit around the sun like planets. Every time the comet gets pen up to the sun, some of the ice present in the comet melts which produces a large amount of debris. This debris moves away from the comet and becomes a part of its tail which is panoptical part of the comet.The solid parts of the tail are the meteoroids and they spread along the entire orbit of the comet which is termed as a meteoroid stream. As the Earth orbits around the sun, its path may cross the meteoroid stream and a meteor shower follows. When the meteoroid stream is particularly dense, then we get to witness the meteor storm and having witnessed one myself, I can guarantee that the sight is authentically spectacular.People Behind the ConceptIt is believed that Irish astronomer George Johnstone Clooney collaborating with the British astronomer Arthur Matthew Weld Downing and Adolf Berberich belonging to the Royal Astronomical Computation Institute in Berlin, Germany offered the very first idea of the meteoroid stream in the 1890. They were able to calculate as to how the meteoroids once freed from the comet would travel at low speeds when compared to the comet itself would start floating(a) after completing one orbit. This act was attributed to simple orbital wherein the materials drift laterally away from the comet as some particles make a capaciousr orbit when compared to different particles. The gravitational pull of the Earths atmosphere would decide where the dust trails would pass the Earths atmosphere. It is a fair possibility that some years, the dust particles can completel y miss the Earths orbit.Major Meteor ShowersIf you want to watch meteor showers then the best time of the year is the night of January 3. The shower has been named Quadrantids and this particular shower can produce over a close to 140 meteors per hour. The ascendant of this shower is not a comet but a minor planet, 2003 EH1 which suffered a catastrophic breakup in 1490. However, the showers are very faint and the peak hours last only for a few hours. Hence, you will have to be in a good spot and at an ideal point to watch the shower in all its glory and the best place to watch this particular shower is from the Northern Hemisphere. But people in reciprocal ohmern Hemisphere need not be disappointed.As a matter of fact, they get to witness a meteor shower termed Eta Aquarids which consists of debris from the famous Halleys Comet. This shower peaks on the night of May 5 and the rate of meteors is about 30 per hour. The meteor shower Geminids is considered to be the best annual show er. It peaks around the night of December 13 and the rate of meteor is around 70 per hour. The source of this shower is also a minor planet, 3200 Phaethon. It is best visible from the Northern Hemisphere and it is believed that due to the extreme cold conditions, the air tends to be more vapourish and this is the reason as to why this particular shower is spectacular.Sporadic Meteor ShowersWhen the meteoroids collide with each other(a) and can become a part of the stray meteors background. They form isolated meteors and are not a part of any shower.AsteroidsAsteroids are considered to be remnants of an primordial broken planet of the solar system. Asteroids have no fixed shape and are too small to be spherical in shape. They are ellipsoids ( 2 dimensional figure), dumbbell or irregularly shaped. As they have different shapes, they also vary in their size. The first asteroid Ceres, discovered in January 1801 by Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi, is the largest known asteroid and is 940 km in diameter. Some of the smallest asteroids are just 6 meters in diameter. The mass of all the asteroids added together, is believed to lesser than the mass of the Moon. altogether 200,000 asteroids have been discovered so far, but billion more undiscovered asteroids still exit in our solar system.Asteroid BeltMost asteroids lie in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, however there are more belts in the solar system, namely the ones beyond Neptunes orbit. The belt itself has interesting origination theories. Most astronomers believe that the belt is a broken planet, while some say that the belt is primordial material that never coalesced into a planet because of Jupiters gravitational pull. The asteroid belt lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter and contains more than 200 asteroids larger than 100 km in diameter, and more than 750,000 asteroids with diameters larger than 1 km.Most asteroids are found in this belt because of the gravitational interaction betw een the solar system and the supernal bodies in it. As opposed to the fiction made popular by various depictions of the asteroid belt, it is not at all dense. The region is so vast that asteroids are hundreds of thousands of kilometers away from their closest neighbor. The asteroids are so small and far away from each other that they appear as faint stars, and except for Ceres, are not bright enough to be seen without some telescopic aid. Only the asteroid Vesta, on rare occasions of an extremely clear dark sky can become visible to the naked eye.What are Asteroids Composed Of?Asteroids are made of different minerals and substances. This depends on the planet they broke away from in a smasher, as well as the chemical reactions they might have experienced while orbiting in the solar system. The asteroids closest to the Sun are mostly carbonic and the ones further away are composed of silicate rock. The metallic asteroids are made of 70-80% iron and the remaining is nickel with many other metals such as iridium mixed in. Some are also made of one-half silicate and half metallic. The asteroid Ceres is composed of a rocky core covered by an icy mantle, whereas Vesta has a nickel-iron core, basaltic crust and a covering of milligram iron silicate (olivine mantle). Asteroids composition has been classified as the following C class asteroids They are found in the Earths outer belt and are darker and more carbonaceous than the ones found in the S class. D class asteroids They are also known as Trojan asteroids of Jupiter and are dark and carbonaceous in composition. S class asteroidsThey are found in the Earths inner belt, closer to Mars and are composed of mostly stone and iron. V class asteroids They are a far-out group of asteroids that follow a path between the orbits of Jupiter and Uranus, and are made of igneous, eruptive materials. A near-Earth asteroid collided with the Earth about 65 million years ago, which triggered environmental changes, leading to the e xtinction of the dinosaurs. This asteroid created a huge circular depression called the Chicxulub Basin and is pertain in Mexicos Yucatan Peninsula, a major tourist attraction. Though the chances of asteroid collision with the Earth is very rare, they do come very close to our planet due to collisions and gravitational tugs on the exceedingly elliptic Suns orbit. Most asteroids burn up in the atmosphere and never reach the Earth. NASA projects, such as the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) and the Near Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) main objectives are to detect and intercept asteroids or other celestial bodies coming close to the Earth before they cause untold damage to our planet.Asteroids are small celestial bodies composed of rock and metal, that revolve around the Sun. Their size can vary some asteroids are large and roughly spherical in shape, due to which they appear like miniature planets while the others are small and irregularly shaped. The matter of these c elestial bodies also differs. The asteroid Vesta, is believed to have a nickel-iron core, olivine mantle and basaltic crust, while the asteroid 10 Hygiea is composed of carbonaceous chondrite. Most of the small asteroids are piles of rubble held together by gravity. Some asteroids supposedly have traces of amino-acids and other organic compounds, and it is assumed that the impact of asteroids on the Earth could have tutord life on the planet by seeding it with the necessary chemical substances. Although, it is believed that the asteroids may have planted life on the Earth, they are capable of having catastrophic effect on the planet as well.Asteroids with a diameter of 5 to 10 meters, and energy equal to 15 kilotons of TNT, enter into the Earths atmosphere approximately once every year while, those with a diameter of over 50 meters enter the Earths atmosphere approximately once in a thousand years. Their impact can be devastating if they hit the Earth, but they disintegrate in the upper atmosphere and most of the particles are vaporized, olibanum rendering them harmless. In the distant past, our planet has experienced a massive climate change and large-scale extinction of animal and plant species, ascribed to the impact of some large asteroids on the planet. The exogenesis theory suggests that origin of life on the Earth must have been triggered by the impact of some asteroid, carrying organic chemicals needed to initiate life form. The Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event, which led to the end of dinosaurs and the Permian-Triassic extinction event that led to the end of the Permian period finishing off 90% of the species on the planet, are believed to be the result of an asteroid impact on the Earth.The craters on the solid bodies in the solar system, which were attributed to volcanic activities till 1960s, were actually formed due to the impact of celestial bodies. Researchers have determined that in the last 600 million years, 60 objects with a diameter o f five km or more, have struck the Earth. Even the smallest of these object possessed energy of ten million megatons of TNT, and would have formed a crater, approximately 95 km in diameter, on the surface of our planet. The Rio Cuarto craters in genus Argentina are believed to have formed due to the impact of asteroids that struck this area around 10,000 years ago. In 1490, ten thousand people reportedly lost their lives due to a hail of stones from the sky. This hail of stones is assumed to be result of the disintegration of a large asteroid, after it entered the Earths atmosphere. In 1908, a mid-air explosion of an asteroid destroyed 80 million trees, indoors an area of 830 miles, near the Podkamennaya Tunguska River, in Siberia.In many cases, the sighting of a foreign body, such as an asteroid or a meteoroids is reported as a fireball in the sky. Millions of asteroids will pass by the Earth in the years to come. Though, they are unknown now, they are detectable as they come clo ser to the planet. The Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) and the Near Earth Asteroid Tracking (NEAT) are projects initiated by NASA to detect asteroids or other such foreign bodies coming close to the Earth.The need of the hour is to develop an intercept system in space, to destroy or deflect foreign objects heading towards our planet, before they prove catastrophic. Asteroids are celestial bodies consisting of rocks and metals. They are mainly concentrated in the region known as the asteroid belt which lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Asteroids can be as big as Ceres, which is close to 1000 kilometers in diameter, or can be just a few feet in diameter. Whatever the size, asteroids are neither big enough to be called planets nor are they as small as comets. They are classified as minor planets that include the Kuiper Belt Objects.DiscoveryOn January 1, 1801, Giuseppe Piazzi discovered the first asteroid which he initially thought to be a comet. He named this asteroid Ceres, after the Sicilian Goddess of grain. Ceres is also the largest asteroid to have been discovered so far. Soon, other large asteroids like Pallas, Juno and Vista were discovered. By the end of the 19th century, several hundred asteroids were discovered.Formation of AsteroidsIt was once believed that asteroids were formed by the explosion of a planet orbiting between Mars and Jupiter. However, according to present day astronomers, asteroids are debris left behind by the Big Bang that could not come together to form a tenth planet because of the effect of Jupiters gravitational pull.Asteroid HitsAsteroids have been hitting the Earth since millions of years. However, due to the friction with Earths atmosphere most of the asteroids get burnt. The asteroids that enter the Earth s atmosphere are called meteors while the ones that get burnt and appear as shooting stars are called meteorites. According to the Giant Impact Theory, the Moon was created when Theia, an asteroid of the size of Mars, collided with the Earth in the early days of the solar system. However, some consider Theia to be more of a planetoid than an asteroid. The largest crater caused by an asteroid hit is the Chicxulub Crater in Mexico that is 180 km in diameter. The asteroid that formed the crater had a diameter of 10 km. This collision is supposed to be answerable for the extinction of a large number of flora and fauna including the dinosaur. However, the evidence of the largest asteroid hit is in the Vredefort crater in South Africa that is 300 km in diameter.Impacts of Asteroid HitsThe damage that an asteroids impact can cause depends mainly upon its mass and velocity, as these are the two factors that determine the energy that is released when an asteroid hits the Earth. fleck some asteroids are capable of sending thermal waves that can incinerate most flora and fauna within a few hundred kilometers, some larger asteroids can create huge impacts causing magma to cover areas as big as continents. The worst effect of an asteroid hit is the blocking out of sunlight for months together due to formation of dust bribes and soot in the upper atmosphere. This would hamper the green plants efficiency to prepare food through the process of photosynthesis and the food chain would be disrupted.Near-Earth AsteroidsNear-Earth asteroids are those that have moved closer to the Earths orbit as they have been knocked out of the asteroid belt due to collision with other asteroids or comets, or due to the gravitational forces of Jupiter. They are classified into the following three groups The Amors These are near-Earth asteroids that cross the orbit of Mars but do not go out of the Earths orbit. The Apollos The orbits of these near-Earth asteroids cross the Earths orbit but have an orbital period of greater than one year.The Atens These near-Earth asteroids have orbits that cross the Earths orbit but have an orbital period of less than one year. Asteroids are currently bei ng monitored for their probability of colliding with the Earth. Such studies have predicted that asteroids may hit the Earth on February 1, 2019 and March 16, 2880. The probability of the 2880 collision is as high as 1 in 300. A number of projects in the field of astronomy, like Spacewatch, Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking and Catalina Sky Survey are being carried out to detect any threat of such catastrophes.CometsA comet is a small body in space. It was matter of great interest to astronomers like Sir Edmond Halley. Many decades later, comets still remain a challenging mystery for the field of astronomy. Space research institutes around the world have reported the existence of 3628 comets that are known and studied. Annually, an average of one comet is sighted by the naked eye from the surface of the Earth. According to the definitions given by the various space research organizations, a comet can be defined as a space body that travels in an elliptical orbit around the sun. Most of t he comets travel in elliptical orbits. When the comet comes in the vicinity of the star it is orbiting around, its comma-like tail gets illuminated. A majority of comets are visible only through telescopes and other aids. There are however, some comets which are also visible to the naked eye.What is a Comet Made Up of?A comet is principally made up of ice, dust and different forms of gases. The nature of the components differs from comet to comet. The central part of a comet that looks like a ball is termed as the nucleus. The nucleus is principally made up of ice and frozen gases. The frozen components also include many other compounds like ammonia, methane and carbon dioxide. Rocks are another component of the nucleus. Due to such composition, the nucleus of the comet often resembles a huge ball of dirt and snow. It is also believed by some astronomers, that the nucleus of a comet is rather fragile because several comets have split into parts without any explainable reason except vast velocity.The huge elliptical orbit takes the comet in the range of heat of the star around which it is orbiting. When the comet enters the inner parts of the solar system, the frozen content of the nucleus starts melting. The gases and peeing within the nucleus vaporize as a result of radiation from the star and the solar wind. The immense velocity of the comet and the solar wind, push the vaporized matter away from the nucleus. This gives the comet its distinct tail and the comma-like appearance. The high amount of heat and the ions (charged particles that are formed due to the heat of the sun) cause the tail of the comet to glow.How are Comets organise?According to their formation or birth, the comets can be classified into two types. The first type is short-term comets which originate in the Kuiper belt as space bodies beyond the orbit of Pluto. The gravitational pull of the planets in the solar system, causes the origin of short term comets. These comets enter the solar s ystem and take the form of active and glowing comets. Long term comets originate as traveling bodies in the Oort cloud (located around 50,000 light years away from the sun). The gravitational attraction of the planets in the solar system and other gravitational forces cause these comets to form elliptical orbits.Death of a CometThe study of comets has revealed that they have a fragile structure. Sometimes, comets split into parts due to sheer velocity. The entry and exit of comets in the solar system in course of its orbit, reduces the amount of matter (ice and frozen gases) in it. Due to this reduction in matter, the comets break-up and disperse into clouds. A dead comet is nothing but an asteroid or a similar form of a space body. Sometimes the comets also crash in other planets when their orbits cross each other. The most famous example of such a comet is the Shoemaker Levy 9, that crashed into Jupiter. For astronomers who have spent their lives perusing comets, it a very heart -breaking moment to gaze at a dying comet. The Halleys Comet is said to be one of the most beautiful comets.Another very beautiful comet is the Hale-Bopp, that was discovered in the year 1995, on 23rd July. It was predicted by astronomers that the Halleys Comet would be sighted in the November of 1835. Mark Twain, the famous writer, was born just two weeks after the sighting. He developed a very special liking towards the Halleys Comet. In his biography he comments,I came in with the Halleys Comet, and expect to go with it. The Almighty has said no doubt, Now here are two unaccountable freaks they came in together they must go out together. Halleys Comet was near sighted on 20th April, 1910. Twain ended the journey of his life the very next day. The journey of any comet is indeed like that of Mark Twain. It is remarkably long, fast, adventurous as it streaks across the dark sky.Haleys cometHistorical SpottingsBritish scientist, Edmond Halley who observed the comet in 1682, was the first person to establish its bimonthly reappearance after every 75-76 years. He studied the comet and quite accurately predicted that it had earlier appeared in 1531 and in 1607. It was named Halley in his honor and was observed again in 1758 as stated by him. It was last seen in February 1986. However, this was not the first time the comet was in focus. The first sighting recorded, was way back in 240 BC, by the Chinese and was mentioned in a chronicle, Records of the Great Historian. The comet also finds a mention in a Babylonian clay inscription of 164 BC. It has always been a subject of great interest, since it was believed to have an influence on the contemporary events. Armenian king Tigranes II, had its image printed on the coins issued in his regime after it was sighted in 87 BC. Therefore, even though the recurrence of the comet was an unknown fact, people were fascinated by its appearance.The bright star that appeared in the night sky in 12 BC, coinciding with the birth of Jesus, is widely believed to be the Halleys comet. Giotto Di Bondone, the famous Italian painter, who lived before the renaissance era, painted it in his work The Star of Bethlehem in the Nativity, in 1305. He had seen the comet appear in 1301 and was impressed by the spectacle. In the middle ages, the appearance of a comet was considered to be a warning sign of a extrovert danger.The most famous incident of spotting a comet during this period, was in 1066, before the Battle of Hastings. King Harold who had lost the battle, was believed to have seen the comet due to which he was cursed. In fact, the Bayeux tapis in Normandy, France, signifies the Norman victory in this battle with an image of King Harold looking at the comet in the sky. In 1456, Pope Calixtus III had condemned its appearance considering it to be an evil omen. Three years prior to this, Europe was defeated by the Ottoman Empire. Human beings have always blamed celestial phenomena, whenever they have not been able to explain the causes of certain unfavorable events.Historically, the presence of a comet in the night sky was commonly cited as the reason behind difficult situations that were beyond the reasoning of common man. A French physician, Ambroise, had described the pitiful conditions of middle ages, when a comet was seen just before the spread of a big epidemic. According to him, some people were scared to death while others fell sick on seeing the comet. It was believed to be some evil form leaving behind a trail of blood, believed to be a sign of misery.Recent SpottingsIn the 16th and the 17th century, scientists learned to calculate the speed and outgo at which comets travel around the Sun. Once, Edmond Halley had established the year of its reappearance, Halleys comet became a matter of great interest. Although, he didnt live to see his prediction coming true, his observation had a evidential impact on the way society perceived comets. The sighting of a comet, especially Halleys comet became less of a concern and more of a curiosity among people. Once people realized that comets are orbiting bodies just like planets, they became less apprehensive on the arrival of a comet in the Earths profile zone. The change in the attitude of the people was seen in the depiction of the comet in the contemporary pictures. Halleys comet was a subject of scientific study and was depicted as a beautiful heavenly body in the sky. Famous American writer Mark Twain was born in 1835, the year when Halleys comet had appeared.He predicted in 1909 that since he had come with the comet he will go out with it. Sure enough, he passed away a year after the comet reappeared in 1910. In the 1900s, it had appeared twice once in 1910 and then in 1986. Further studies gave us a deep insight into the structure, composition and orbital journey of many different comets. Halleys comet has one of the shortest orbital paths. It is classified as a short period comet, i.e. comets having an orbit period of 200 years or less.Once upon a time, it belonged to the long period class, but due to the gravitational force of planets, its orbit shortened over a period of time. Today, it is known that comets like Hale Bopp which appeared in 1997, will reappear after 4200 years Thus, Halleys comet is the most frequently spotted one. Recently, it was seen in February 1986. During this visit, it was subjected to its biggest scrutiny ever. Five spacecrafts from The European Space Agency, Japan and the USSR were launched to study its surface. Structure and Composition of Halleys CometHalleys comet is a big mass of ice and dust, having an elliptical orbit and shaped like a peanut. It has a highly elongated orbit, taking it very close to the Sun. It flings off far in the outer solar system, similar to a slingshot motion. The composition is mainly of water, atomic number 11 monoxide, methane, ammonia, hydrocarbons, iron and sodium. Its closest distance from the Sun was found to be just 0.6 AU (astronomical unit) and the farthest distance was calculated to be 35 AU, roughly the same distance as that of Pluto. It orbits the Sun in a retrograde or in the direction opposite to that of the planets revolution. The speed with respect to the Earth is quite high, since it is highly eccentric and inclined.The day time is relatively more on its surface and its maximum temperature rises up to 77 degrees celsius. Due to its large size and a clear-cut and regular orbit, it was easy for the probe missions photograph it closely and study its surface. The mass of the comet is 1.71015 kilograms and the size of the nucleus has been estimated to be 15 km 7 km 7 km. Winds blowing near its surface are so strong that 1 gram particle of dust which hit the Giotto space probe, briefly destabilized it. Halleys comet will next appear in 2062. Comets have always been a fascination for human beings and will continue to mesmerize generations to come, as we discover more interesting facts about the se spectacular fireballs, the comets.Comet lullinComet Lulin was discovered on July 11, 2007, by the duo of Ye Quanzhi and Lin Chi-Sheng. A non-periodic comet, Lulin appears to be greenish in color. This green color is attributed to the presence of gases such as cyanogen and diatomic carbon, which produce a green glow when illuminated by sunlight in the vacuum of the space. Officially designated as C/2007 N3 (Lulin), it is also known as the Comet of Cooperation in China and Taiwan, as the two individuals involved in its discovery, were from these two countries. This comet was first photographed by Taiwanese astronomer Lin Chi-Sheng on July 11, 2007, while he was working on the Lulin Sky Survey Project (LUSS) at the Lulin observatory in Nantou, Taiwan. The Lulin Sky Survey Project aims to identify the numerous small objects in the solar system, particularly those that pose possible hazards to our planet. Lin used a 16-inch telescope to photograph this comet, which was initially assum ed to be an asteroid.A few days later, Ye Quanzhi, a 19-year old student of meteorology from Sun Yat-Sen University, China, recognized this comet while going through Lins photographs. Its status of being a comet was confirmed after the presence of coma, the murky windbag around the nucleus of the comet, was noticed. Both, Lin and Quanzhi were accredited with the discovery of this new comet. As it was first noticed from the Lulin Observatory, it was named as Comet Lulin. Comet Lulin was seen in the Libra constellation from January to March 2009. In January, it was getting brighter and could be seen just before dawn while in February, the brightness reached its peak. Eventually, in March, it started to fade as it went farther away from the Earth. While it was draw near the Earth, it had a typical tail pointing away from the Sun, as well as an anti-tail which was directly pointing towards the sun. Although, it was assumed that this anti-tail was observed only in photographs, some ob servers reported that it was visible even from a telescope in February 2009.According to Brian Marsden, an astronomer at Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Massachusetts, this comets closest approach to the sun was on January 10, 2009 when it reached a distance of 113 million miles from the sun. He noticed that the comet was moving in a retrograde orbit that is near-parabolic. On February 24, Comet Lulin came the closest to the Earth, at a distance of 0.41 AU or 38 million miles to be precise. On February 4, 2009, a team of Italian astronomers, under the leadership of Ernesto Guido, witnessed a strange phenomenon taking place in comet Lulin. While photographing the comet with a remotely controlled telescope in New Mexico, they saw that its tail suddenly disconnected. Ernesto attributed this odd phenomenon to magnetic disturbance of the solar wind hitting the comet. Earlier, this had been observed with Comet Encke too, when coronal mass ejection occurred, due to such magnetic sto rms.Photographs taken by NASAs Swift Gamma-ray Explorer satellite in ultra-violet and X-rays show that Lulin is shedding 800 gallons of water every second. Observations by NASA also revealed that the surface material of the comet was burning away due to suns heat. This sighting of Comet Lulin was a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for the building block world, as there is no possibility of this comet authorizeing to the inner solar system, at least not for the next thousand years. Human kind has always looked to the heavens in awe and wonder, and sometimes in fear. Perhaps no other astronomical phenomenon except a total solar eclipse has historically evoked as much fear as comets. When the specter of fear is removed, however, they emerge as strikingly beautiful objects in the sky. It was once believed that if earth passed through a tail of a comet, its inhabitants would die this theory has been discredited. Comets are messengers from a time long past.Most are chunks of dirty ice, lo cked away in the Oort cloud for billions of years. (Oort cloud It is the source for long period comets, with orbital periods of greater than two hundred years.) Comets are familiar to nearly everyone as striking star like objects with long tails stretching across a wide band of the sky. The most famous comet, Halleys comet makes its return to the skies every seventy-five years. The word comet is derived from a Greek word meaning long haired Comets were greatly feared before the twentieth century as bad omens. Since then, they have been identified and cataloged as objects that come from deep space. Most of them occupy orbits that carry them far outside the solar system. Many of them make only a single approach to the sun and never return again, while others exist in stable, but highly elliptical orbits that allow them to return after an extended period of time, such as the Halleys comet. In 1986, the European space probe Giotto passed about 600 kilometers from the Comet Halley as it made its close approach to the sun.The probe verified existing theories that comets are made up of ices covered by black dust or soil. The spacecraft confirmed a theory that had been advanced prior to the reconnaissance that described comets as dirty snowballs. use data taken by the spacecraft, scientists determined that the dust is composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Other metals have also been discovered in comets, such as iron, calcium, nickel, potassium, copper and silicon. Halleys comet was one of the darkest objects ever seen in the solar system it was basically flat black. Comets are composed of a mixture of ices and dust. As a comet approaches the sun, it absorbs the suns energy and warms up. The main body of the comet is called the nucleus. As the nucleus warms, the ice beneath the comets soil fades. Because the comet has no atmosphere, the evaporated substance (also called a erratic) escapes into the vacuum of space as a gaseous envelope that surrounds the comet called coma. As the coma grows, it forms a plume of vapor that carries away some of the comets surface as well.This mixture of evaporated volatile particles and dust is carried away from the comet by solar wind, is ionized by high-energy particles, and creates the spectacular tail of the comet. The comets tail, glowing in the solar wind, can stream behind the comet for millions of kilometers. The nucleus of the comet consists of mostly volatile ices and dust. The ice is nearly all water ice, but there is also evidence of ices composed of carbon dioxide and methane. More elementary compounds of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon monoxide may exist as volatile ices. Comets are typically small bodies (comparatively). Halleys comet is a potato shaped object, 14 by 17 kilometers. The largest known comet is Chiron, which is estimated to be approximately 200 kilometers in diameter.Comets are thought to have formed as the solar system evolved. The material of which comets are composed w as constructed by accretion at the outer edge of the disk of material that ultimately became the sun and planets. Because the comet material was fashioned at the outer edge of the solar system, the sun did not evaporate the volatiles in the cometary material. At the same time, the giant planets of the solar system formed at what would become the outer orbits of the solar system. These massive planets encountered the newly formed comets, and the ones that were not engulfed by the giant planets were, over the first billion years, catapulted into interstellar space by the planets massive gravitational fields. Not all comets met that fate, however. Some were piano nudged into stable orbits closer to the sun. Others were flung into the inner solar system and impacted the inner planets.Relevance The study of comets involves detailed knowledge of its composition of the outer regions of the solar system and the space between the last planet and 100,000 astronomical units onwards. Cometary study also seeks to understand complex gravitational interactions between bodies separated by wide distances and even gravitational interactions between tiny comets, their behavior when approaching the sun, and something of the makeup and evolution of the early solar system. New comets approaching the sun for the first time have been held in deep freeze in the Oort cloud and are thought to be composed of primordial material of the newly forming solar system. They have been tied up in the Oort cloud for billions of years at temperatures slightly above absolute zero. As they approach the sun, their internal gases begin to steam away. A detailed study of an approaching comet may tell cosmologists about the composition of the early solar systems.Comets and their approach have also hinted at the existence of the hard brown dwarf, thought to be one of the most common bodies of interstellar space. Because they are so dim, they are all but invisible from Earth. On the other hand, because b rown dwarfs are thought to be so plentiful, the study of comets and their orbits may give the first real clues to the formers reality and abundance. In the early 1980s the existence of the galactic tidal action was merely speculation. Since then, careful study of cometary orbits and approaches has favorable supported the theory of galactic tides. In the close approach of Halleys comet by an unmanned spacecraft in 1986, a wealth of information was recovered on the shape, behavior, and composition of comets.The existence of the Oort cloud and the archetype gravitational interactions by passing objects in space have led to the theory of periodic comet showers. Such comet showers, separated by periods of tens of millions of years, may be responsible for the mass extinction on Earth. There is a wide speculation that Earth was struck by one or more comets 70 million years ago, which wiped out the dinosaurs. Some scientists have speculated that this extinction was the result of a shower o f comets from the Oort cloud, sent on their close approach to the sun by a passing star or brown dwarf through the Oort cloud.Comets have been used to judge vast distances, evaluate the composition of the solar system as it was being born, and even test the idea that the gravity of the entire galaxy can make a difference to the smallest objects in space. Comets have been used as yardsticks to evaluate what may be the most type of star in the galaxy-the brown dwarf-which ironically is one that may never be seen. They have also been called dirty snowballs. Halleys comet was so black that it was the darkest object ever seen in space. Yet, from these dirty specks of ice, cosmologists have witnessed some of the most spectacular light shows. Ultimately comets may also generate clues to some of the most fundamental secrets about the solar system and planets. From these tiny messengers, cosmologists may unlock and examine pristine elements from creation itself.